Biological Immortality of Human. Biology of aging. eBook one

Prologue of the series “Biological Immortality of Human”

Throughout the history of mankind, there has been one unchanging condition for life: a person ages and dies. Civilizations arose and disappeared, sciences developed, technology changed the world, but the biological fate of man remained the same. Sickness, ageing and death seemed as inevitable laws of nature as gravity or the change of seasons. 

Therefore, for thousands of years, people have been looking for immortality not in science, but in myths.

Ancient cultures told of gods who do not age. Alchemists were looking for the elixir of life. Philosophers have speculated about the soul that survives the body. Religions promised eternal life in another world.

But the 21st century was the first period in history when the question of immortality began to move from the field of mythology to the field of science.

Modern biology has shown that aging is not a mystical process or an inevitable curse of nature. Aging is a set of biological mechanisms: the accumulation of molecular damage, changes in the work of genes, violation of cellular metabolism, the gradual depletion of the body’s recovery systems.

In other words, aging is a problem.

And any problem that can be described scientifically can theoretically be solved.

Humanity has already learned to do what until recently seemed impossible. We deciphered the human genome. We learned to observe the work of cells at the molecular level. We are beginning to understand the mechanisms that drive body development, tissue aging and regeneration.

Moreover, for the first time, we received tools that allow us to interfere with our own biology.

These changes gave rise to a new philosophical direction – transhumanism.

Transhumanism proceeds from a simple idea: a person is not obliged to forever remain the biological being that evolution formed him. Technology could allow us to push the boundaries of human capabilities – improve health, prolong life, increase intellectual capacity, and perhaps one day overcome biological aging.

This does not mean abandoning human nature. On the contrary, it is a continuation of the deepest human tradition – the desire to overcome restrictions.

The fire allowed the man to survive the cold.
Medicine has made it possible to defeat many diseases.
Science has made it possible to understand the structure of the universe.

The next step could allow a person to change themselves.

However, the path to a radical extension of life will not be easy. It will require years of research, great scientific effort and deep ethical reflection. Not all ideas will turn out to be correct. Not all technology will be safe. And perhaps many of today’s hypotheses will be revised.

But another thing is more important: for the first time in history, humanity began to ask the question not “why are we aging,” but “how to stop aging.”

This series of books is devoted to this very question.

“Biological Immortality of Human” is not a promise of eternal life or a fantasy dream. This is a study of what science already knows about aging, what technologies are being developed today and what opportunities may open up in the future.

Each volume of the series considers one side of this problem: the biology of aging, the genetics of longevity, genome editing technologies, the biochemistry of cellular processes, medical technologies of the future, practical strategies for extending life and the philosophical consequences of possible immortality.

We live in a unique historical moment.

For the first time in the history of mankind, people are beginning to understand the mechanisms of their own mortality. And perhaps it is our generation that stands at the beginning of a new era – an era in which aging will cease to be an inevitable fate.

The question is no longer whether a radical life extension is possible.

The question is how far humanity is willing to go to change its own nature.

This series of books is an invitation to this conversation.

Book 1 of 7, 

Print length 217,

Language English,

File size 1,3 Mb (Pdf)

Contents

Prologue of the series “Biological Immortality of Human”

Introduction by the author

Prologue of the book of the first “Biology of Aging”

1.The last disease of humanity

Aging as the main medical problem of civilization.

Part I                                                                                                               

Dream of immortality

2. Immortal gods of ancient civilizations
3. The search for the elixir of life
4. Alchemy and the Philosopher’s
5. Emperors seeking eternal life
6. Immortality in world religions
7. The first scientific ideas of aging
8. The emergence of gerontology

Part II                                                                                                             

The cell is the basis of life

9. Cell discovery History of microscopy.
10. Cell structure Organelles and their functions.
11. Cell metabolism How cells produce energy.
12. Cell division Mitosis and tissue renewal.
13. Cell cycle Phases of cell life.
14. Cell division limitWhy cells do not divide indefinitely.
15. The story of the discovery of the Hayflick limit.
16. Senescent cells Cells that stop dividing.

Part III                                                                                                           

DNA damage

17. Cell genetic code
18. DNA replication
19. DNA copying errors
20. Mutations
21. External sources of damage
22. Radiation and chemical mutagens
23. Cellular repair errors

Part IV                                                                                                            

Telomeres – cell clock

24. Chromosome structure
25. What are Telomeres
26. Telomere discovery
27. Telomere protective function
28. Telomere shortening mechanism
29. Telomeres and cellular aging
30. Telomeres and life expectancy
31. Telomere length measurement methods
32. Telomeres and age-related diseases

Part V                                                                                                              

Immortality enzyme

33. Telomerase discovery
34. Telomerase structure
35. TERT gene
36. Telomerase in embryonic cells
37. Telomerase in stem cells
38. Telomerase and cancer
39. Telomerase activation experiments
40. Telomere therapy options

Part VI                                                                                                            

Other aging mechanisms

41. Mitochondrial theory of aging
42. Free radicals
43. Oxidative stress
44. Epigenetic changes
45. Protein disorders
46. Chronic inflammation

Part VII                                                                                                           

Biology of centenarians

47. Biology Naked Mole Rat
48. Immortal hydra
49. Biology of Turritopsis dohrnii

Epilog

50. Can aging be defeated?

Biological Immortality of Human (series of 7 ebooks)

Biology of Aging (ebook one)

Author Andrew Shamov

© Shamov.info Publishing House, 2026